present perfect: Presente Perfecto

Perfect Present (Presente Perfecto)

El presente perfecto equivale más o menos al pretérito perfecto del español. Veremos las diferencias en la sección sobre usos. En general, es una mezcla entre el presente y el pasado. Lo usamos para acciones en el pasado que tiene importancia en el presente.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

Form (Forma)

Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el verbo auxiliar "to have" en el presente y el participio pasado del verbo. Para verbos regulares, el participio pasado es la forma simple del pasado. Ver la lección sobre el pasado simple para más información sobre como formar el pasado.

Subject +	Auxiliary verb +	Past Participle
I, You, We, They	have	talked, learned, traveled...
He, She, It	has	talked, learned, traveled...

Nota: Ten en cuenta que hay muchos participios pasados irregulares en inglés. A continuación tienes una lista de unos de los participios pasados irregulares más comunes.

INFINITIVO	PASADO SIMPLE	PARTICIPIO PASADO	TRADUCCIÓN
Arise	Arose	Arisen	Surgir, Levantarse
Awake	Awoke	Awoken	Despertarse
Be/ am, are, is	Was / Were	Been	Ser / Estar
Bear	Bore	Borne / Born	Soportar, dar a luz
Beat	Beat	Beaten	Golpear
Become	Became	Become	Llegar a Ser
Begin	Began	Begun	Empezar
Bend	Bent	Bent	Doblar
Bet	Bet	Bet	Apostar
Bind	Bound	Bound	Atar, encuadernar
Bid	Bid	Bid	Pujar
Bite	Bit	Bitten	Morder
Bleed	Bled	Bled	Sangrar
Blow	Blew	Blown	Soplar
Break	Broke	Broken	Romper
Breed	Bred	Bred	Criar
Bring	Brought	Brought	Traer Llevar
Broadcast	Broadcast	Broadcast	Radiar
Build	Built	Built	Edificar
Burn	Burnt /Burned	Burnt / Burned	Quemar
Burst	Burst	Burst	Reventar
Buy	Bought	Bought	Comprar
Cast	Cast	Cast	Arrojar
Catch	Caught	Caught	Coger
Come	Came	Come	Venir
Cost	Cost	Cost	Costar
Cut	Cut	Cut	Cortar
Choose	Chose	Chosen	Elegir
Cling	Clung	Clung	Agarrarse
Creep	Crept	Crept	Arrastrarse
Deal	Dealt	Dealt	Tratar
Dig	Dug	Dug	Cavar
Do (Does)	Did	Done	Hacer
Draw	Drew	Drawn	Dibujar
Dream	Dreamt / Dreamed	Dreamt / Dreamed	Soñar
Drink	Drank	Drunk	Beber
Drive	Drove	Driven	Conducir
Eat	Ate	Eaten	Comer
Fall	Fell	Fallen	Caer
Feed	Fed	Fed	Alimentar
Feel	Felt	Felt	Sentir
Fight	Fought	Fought	Luchar
Find	Found	Found	Encontrar
Flee	Fled	Fled	Huir
Fly	Flew	Flown	Volar
Forbid	Forbade	Forbidden	Prohibir
Forget	Forgot	Forgotten	Olvidar
Forgive	Forgave	Forgiven	Perdonar
Freeze	Froze	Frozen	Helar
Get	Got	Got / Gotten	Obtener
Give	Gave	Given	Dar
Go (Goes)	Went	Gone	Ir
Grow	Grew	Grown	Crecer
Grind	Ground	Ground	Moler
Hang	Hung	Hung	Colgar
Have	Had	Had	Haber o Tener
Hear	Heard	Heard	Oir
Hide	Hid	Hidden	Ocultar
Hit	Hit	Hit	Golpear
Hold	Held	Held	Agarrar Celebrar
Hurt	Hurt	Hurt	Herir
Keep	Kept	Kept	Conservar
Know	Knew	Known	Saber Conocer
Kneel	Knelt	Knelt	Arrodillarse
Knit	Knit	Knit	Hacer punto
Lay	Laid	Laid	Poner
Lead	Led	Led	Conducir
Lean	Leant	Leant	Apoyarse
Leap	Leapt	Leapt	Brincar
Learn	Learnt / Learned	Learnt / Learned	Aprender
Leave	Left	Left	Dejar
Lend	Lent	Lent	Prestar
Let	Let	Let	Permitir
Lie	Lay	Lain	Echarse
Light	Lit	Lit	Encender
Lose	Lost	Lost	Perder
Make	Made	Made	Hacer
Mean	Meant	Meant	Significar
Meet	Met	Met	Encontrar
Mistake	Mistook	Mistaken	Equivocar
Overcome	Overcame	Overcome	Vencer
Pay	Paid	Paid	Pagar
Put	Put	Put	Poner
Read	Read	Read	Leer
Ride	Rode	Ridden	Montar
Ring	Rang	Rung	Llamar
Rise	Rose	Risen	Levantarse
Run	Ran	Run	Correr
Say	Said	Said	Decir
See	Saw	Seen	Ver
Seek	Sought	Sought	Buscar
Sell	Sold	Sold	Vender
Send	Sent	Sent	Enviar
Set	Set	Set	Poner(se)
Sew	Sewed	Sewed / Sewn	Coser
Shake	Shook	Shaken	Sacudir
Shear	Shore	Shorn	Esquilar
Shine	Shone	Shone	Brillar
Shoot	Shot	Shot	Disparar
Show	Showed	Shown	Mostrar
Shrink	Shrank	Shrunk	Encogerse
Shut	Shut	Shut	Cerrar
Sing	Sang	Sung	Cantar
Sink	Sank	Sunk	Hundir
Sit	Sat	Sat	Sentarse
Sleep	Slept	Slept	Dormir
Slide	Slid	Slid	Resbalar
Smell	Smelt	Smelt	Oler
Sow	Sowed	Sowed / Sown	Sembrar
Speak	Spoke	Spoken	Hablar
Speed	Sped	Sped	Acelerar
Spell	Spelt	Spelt	Deletrear
Spend	Spent	Spent	Gastar
Spill	Spilt / Spilled	Spilt / Spilled	Derramar
Spin	Spun	Spun	Hilar
Spit	Spat	Spat	Escupir
Split	Split	Split	Hender / partir / rajar
Spoil	Spoilt / Spoiled	Spoilt / Spoiled	Estropear
Spread	Spread	Spread	Extender
Spring	Sprang	Sprung	Saltar
Stand	Stood	Stood	Estar en pie
Steal	Stole	Stolen	Robar
Stick	Stuck	Stuck	Pegar Engomar
Sting	Stung	Stung	Picar
Stink	Stank/Stunk	Stunk	Apestar
Stride	Strode	Stridden	Dar zancadas
Strike	Struck	Struck	Golpear
Swear	Swore	Sworn	Jurar
Sweat	Sweat	Sweat	Sudar
Sweep	Swept	Swept	Barrer
Swell	Swelled	Swollen	Hinchar
Swim	Swam	Swum	Nadar
Swing	Swung	Swung	Columpiarse
Take	Took	Taken	Coger
Teach	Taught	Taught	Enseñar
Tear	Tore	Torn	Rasgar
Tell	Told	Told	Decir
Think	Thought	Thought	Pensar
Throw	Threw	Thrown	Arrojar Tirar
Thrust	Thrust	Thrust	Introducir
Tread	Trod	Trodden	Pisar, hollar
Understand	Understood	Understood	Entender
Undergo	Underwent	Undergone	Sufrir
Undertake	Undertook	Undertaken	Emprender
Wake	Woke	Woken	Despertarse
Wear	Wore	Worn	Llevar puesto
Weave	Wove	Woven	Tejer
Weep	Wept	Wept	Llorar
Wet	Wet	Wet	Mojar
Win	Won	Won	Ganar
Wind	Wound	Wound	Enrollar
Withdraw	Withdrew	Withdrawn	Retirarse
Wring	Wrung	Wrung	Torcer
Write	Wrote	Written	Escribir

Structure (Estructura)

Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
- Ejemplos:
- I've talked to Peter.
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  I have [I've] talked to Peter. (He hablado con Peter.)
- She's gone to work.
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  She has [She's] gone to work. (Ha ido a su trabajo.)
- We've been to London.
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  We have [We've] been to London. (Hemos ido a Londres.)
- They have learned English.
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  They have [They've] learned English. (Han aprendido inglés.)

Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + participio pasado.

Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)
- Ejemplos:
- I haven't talked to Peter.
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  I haven't talked to Peter. (No he hablado con Peter.)
- She hasn't gone to work.
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  She hasn't gone to work. (No ha ido a su trabajo.)
- We haven't been to London.
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  We haven't been to London. (No hemos ido a Londres.)
- They haven't learned English.
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  They haven't learned English. (No han aprendido inglés.)

Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + "not" + participio pasado.

Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)
- Ejemplos:
- Have you talked to Peter?
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  Have you talked to Peter? (¿Has hablado con Peter?)
- Has she gone to work?
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  Has she gone to work? (¿Ha ido a su trabajo?)
- Have you been to London?
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  Have you been to London? (¿Has ido a Londres?)
- Have they learned Enlgish?
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  Have they learned English? (¿Han aprendido inglés?)